Philosophy: Knowledge, Testimony and Answer-Shaped Objects

Optional Further Study

Optional reading about uncertainty, epistemic opacity and warranted reliance.

Estimated time: 15 minutes. Last reviewed: 11 August 2026.

What you need to know

This page stands alone. No previous AI knowledge is required. You need access to an AI assistant only for the activity.

Learning outcome: By the end, you will be able to discuss what would justify relying on an AI answer.

Fluency can resemble testimony without the ordinary human relation to knowledge.

Access to an answer is not the same as access to the means of evaluating it.

Reliance depends on evidence, stakes, alternatives and the recipient’s ability to check.

Choose an AI answer you used. Write what justified relying on it, what remained opaque and what would have changed your decision.

Your account distinguishes usefulness, truth and justified reliance.

Confident with AI was created by Charli-Jo Tyrer in association with the Technology Association of Visually Impaired People (TAVIP).

Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.